Wednesday, September 11, 2019

Preview Chapter - Time Line of the American Revolution - 1776 - South Carolina General Assembly Establishes Court of Admiralty

Time Line of the American Revolution - 1776
Time Line of the American Revolution - 1776
A Journal of the War of Independence
Book 2
South Carolina General Assembly Establishes Court of Admiralty
April 11, 1776 - South Carolina General Assembly Establishes Court of Admiralty
On April 11, 1776 the South Carolina Assembly passed a bill that established a Court of Admiralty to "have jurisdiction of all cases of the capture of ships and other vessels of the inhabitants of Great Britain, Ireland, British West Indies, Nova Scotia, East and West Florida; to establish trial by jury, in the Court of Admiralty, in cases of capture; and for the other purposes therein mentioned."
Admiralty Court
An admiralty court has jurisdiction over all maritime contracts, torts, injuries, and offenses. One duty of the admiralty court was to decide if a prize taken in wartime by a privateer was a legal prize, under the terms of the letter of marque . During the Revolutionary War most admiralty courts did not allow an appeal on a judgment to the Continental Congress. Of the twelve admiralty courts established, only Maryland and New Hampshire allowed an appeal to Congress. In the remainder a decision by a judge was final.

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Thursday, September 5, 2019

Sample Chapter - Gardener’s Guide to Gardening Tools - Garden Trowels

Gardener’s Guide to Gardening Tools
Garden Trowels
A garden trowel is an indispensable tool for every gardener. All gardeners should have one trowel and it is best to have several for different purposes. The word trowel derives from the Latin word "truella", which means "small ladle". A trowel can serve as a ladle but that is really just one use for a trowel. Indeed, a trowel is the most used tool in the gardener’s toolbox so it is important to get a good one. Nothing is as aggravating as a poor quality trowel that bends when you try to dig. Additionally, a poorly designed handle tires the hand and causes blisters.
There is an incredible variety of hand trowels available to the modern gardener. The gardener will find wood handle trowels and plastic composite trowels. Also available are aluminum and stainless steel trowels. New ergonomic designs make gardening easier on the hands. They also make it more accessible to those with repetitive stress injury and arthritis. These new designs include gel filled handles and curved designs that are more natural for the hand to hold while using them.
Finding a good garden hand trowel from this vast selection of trowels is a bit confusing. So take your time and then choose the garden hand trowel best suited for your needs.
Ergonomic Trowels
Ergonomic trowels use a new design to provide ergonomic ease of use. Some of the new ergonomic trowels help gardeners with arthritis continue their garden activities. These tools also help gardeners without those disorders to garden with less stress to their hands and wrists.
The ergonomic design of the trowel's handle allows the gardener to use a more natural position while working. A cushioned grip helps prevent blisters. These trowels are usually composed of an alloy consisting of cast aluminum and magnesium so they are light and strong. The blade’s design allows you to punch into the soil easily and lift a manageable load of soil. The curved shapes provide a more balanced transfer of energy from the hand and wrist to the trowel. This reduces hand fatigue common when using a hand garden trowel.
Gel Ergonomic Trowels
Gel ergonomic trowels provide a cushioned grip that prevent blisters and make working in the garden more fun. Gardeners abuse their hands a lot with all that digging, pruning and chopping. Any tool which helps reduce that abuse is a welcome addition to any gardener's tool chest. A gel grip trowel helps your hands by incorporating a cushioned, gel filled handle into the garden trowel's design.
This gel flexes and provides cushioning to hard-working fingers while digging. Some of these feature a serrated edge to open bags of fertilizer or other gardening material and to cut roots while digging. Others have stainless steel blades.
Stainless Steel Trowels
Stainless steel is an ideal component to use to make trowels. It is strong, durable and resists rust. They also polish to a high sheen so they are attractive as well. The shiny metal is easy to spot if the gardener misplaced the tool while pursuing other projects in the garden. Stainless steel trowels usually have wood handles. These trowels are prone to rusting over time.
Nursery Trowels
The small, lightweight nursery trowel works well in tight spaces. The long handle of the nursery trowel allows you to reach into tight spots and the small, light blade makes it an ideal trowel for women to use.
Soil Scoop Trowels
A soil scoop is a specialized trowel that will certainly find many uses in and around the garden. The scoop is great for those who mix their own potting soil, as it will allow you to scoop vermiculate, peat moss and other soil components. The scoop will also work great to pot up plants and fill bedding packs for small transplants. Using the scoop, you can pick up potting soil from the bag or bin and place it where you want it. This help to fill in around roots under and around stems and leaves.
A soil scoop will work better than a trowel to fill in soil around newly transplanted shrubs and flowers in the garden. It can also scoop fertilizer and other bulk garden products into spreaders. Specialized bonsai soil scoops work great to fill soil in and around the small pots used in bonsai. Their unique shape fits in under the leaves and branches of these miniature trees better than a trowel. The right soil scoop fills a void left by the hand trowel. Standard trowels are great for digging and weeding. However, their shape is usually not suitable for scooping soil for potting and bonsai needs.
Aluminum Trowel
Aluminum trowels are strong, durable and lightweight. Aluminum resists corrosion, so if you accidentally leave your trowel out in the rain it will not rust. Since aluminum trowels are cast in one piece, the blade will not separate from the handle, as it will with some other types of trowels. Aluminum is a soft metal and it will not hold a sharp edge as a steel trowel will. Since it is not a strong as steel, aluminum garden trowels may bend easier if you are digging in heavy soil. The blades of an aluminum trowel may also chip if you strike a rock while digging. Aluminum trowels usually have a plastic grip on the handle to cushion your hand. Rubberized grips are easier on the hand than the polypropylene ones.
Wood Handle Trowels
The traditional handle for a garden trowel has been wood. Wood, usually a hardwood like ash or hickory, is the traditional choice for a handle for a trowel. Attractive, strong and durable many manufacturers still make trowels with wood handles. However, it tends to split, especially if you accidentally leave the trowel out in the weather.
Trowel Maintenance
Protect the trowel from rust with a coating of old motor oil or cooking oil when not in use. A good spray with aerosol cooking oil before using will make the trowel easier to clean when finished with it. Alternatively, fill a bucket with sand and saturate it with oil. Use this to dip your hand tools in to clean them and add a protective sheen of oil to help prevent rust. Sometimes it is helpful to file or grind the edges of steel trowels to a sharp edge to make it easier to cut into soil. Paint the handles or blades a bright orange or yellow to make them more visible. This makes it less likely to lose the trowel or leave it out in the weather.
The wide variety of trowels on the market can intimidate even the most seasoned gardener. Trowels come in different shapes, sizes, materials and colors. Picking the right type of trowel is easier if the gardener is aware of the many different types available and the uses of each.

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Wednesday, September 4, 2019

A Timeline of Indiana History - 1795 - 1800

A Timeline of Indiana History - 1795 - 1800
A Timeline of Indiana History
1795 - 1800
Description:
The 1795 Treaty of Greenville opened up most of the lands in the future state of Ohio to settlement, forcing the native tribes further west. The treaty line also opened up a small area in what would become the southeast corner of Indiana. In the years after the signing of the treaty the population of the Northwest Territory grew as the future state of Ohio neared birth.
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Other Books in the Series

Indiana’s Timeless Tales - Pre-History to 1781
Indiana’s Timeless Tales - 1782 - 1791
A Timeline of Indiana History - 1792 - 1794
A Timeline of Indiana History - 1795 - 1800

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Table of Contents

January 1795 - Native Leaders Gather at Fort Greenville
Israel Putnam Establishes First Library in Northwest Territory
May 02, 1795 – Governor St. Clair Has Concern over Illicit Trade
February 1795 - Miami Chief Pacanne Taken to Detroit
March 31 - 1795-French Grant
June 16, 1795 - Negotiation Council Opens 
June 17, 1795 - Pottawattamie Chief New Corn Arrives
June 23, 1795 - Little Turtle, La Gris Arrived at Fort Greenville
June 24, 1795 - Senate Ratifies Jay Treaty
June 25, 1795 - Wayne Explains Camp Procedure
June 30, 1795 - Native Chiefs Ask for Wine
July 03, 1795 - General Wayne Informs Native Chiefs about Independence Day Celebration
July 15, 1795 - General Wayne Proposes Treaty Terms 
July 18, 1795 - Treaty of Greenville - Treaty of Muskingum River (Fort Harmar) Debated 
July 19, 1795 - Treaty of Greenville - Blue Jacket and General Wayne Confer
July 20, 1795 - Treaty of Greenville - General Wayne's Speech to the Council
July 21, 1795 - Treaty of Greenville - Discussion About Lands Ceded by Treaty of Muskingum River 
July 22, 1795 – Little Turtle and Tarke Speak
July 23, 1795 - General Discussion by the Chiefs
July 25, 1795 - General Wayne Clarifies the Land Boundaries
July 27, 1795 - Boundaries Explained
July 28, 1795 - General Discussion Among Chiefs
July 29, 1795 - The Chiefs Answer
July 30, 1795 - Agreement
August 03, 1795 - Treaty of Greenville Concluded
August 07, 1795 – Greenville Treaty Copies Distributed
August 10, 1795 - Record of Proceedings Certified
August 12, 1795 - Chiefs Ask for Traders
August 25, 1795 - Northwest Territorial Assembly Adjourns - Maxwell's Code Becomes Law
September 09, 1795 - Shawnees Return Prisoners
September 28, 1795 - President Receives Copy of Treaty of Greenville
October 02, 1795 - Secretary of State Letter to the President
November 17, 1795 - Postmaster General Concedes Mail’s Tardiness
November 25, 1795 - William Henry Harrison Marries Anna Symmes
December 1795 - Meriwether Lewis Joins Chosen Rifle Company
January 06, 1796 - Postmaster General Letter - Impracticality of Mail Routes on Ohio River
February 29, 1796 - Jay Treaty Effective
March 25, 1796 - Colonel Ebenezer Zane Submits Letter Petitioning To Build a Road
April 1796 - Chillicothe Ohio Established
April 1796 - British Begin Building Fort Amherstburg
May 18, 1796 - Land Act of 1796
June 01, 1796 - Amendment Land Act of 1796
June 01, 1797 - Israel Ludlow Arrived at Loromie's Creek to Begin Survey
June 15, 1797 - Israel Ludlow Begins Surveying the Greenville Treaty Line
July 01, 1796 - William Clark Resigns from Army
July 11, 1796 - British Evacuate Fort Detroit
July 13, 1796 - American Force Occupies Fort Detroit
July 17, 1796 - Colonel John Hamtramck Officially Takes Command at Detroit
August 1796 - William Henry Harrison Becomes Commander of Fort Washington
August 13, 1796 - General Wayne Arrives Detroit
December 15, 1796 - Death of General Wayne
November 05, 1796 - Rufus Putnam Appointed Surveyor General
January 25, 1797 - Putnam Requests Permission to Begin Survey
March 14, 1797 - The Secretary of the Treasury Replies to Putnam
Late March 1797 Putnam Establishes his Office in Marietta
May 07, 1797 - Congress Approves Funding for Zane's Trace
July 10, 1797 - Israel Ludlow Arrives at Loramie's Store
July 10, 1797 - Adams County Created
July 29, 1797 - Jefferson County Created
February 04, 1798 - Calvin Fletcher Born
June 01, 1798 - William Henry Harrison Resigns From Army
June 26, 1798 - Harrison Receives Appointment as Secretary of the Northwest Territory
October 02, 1798 - Théodore Guérin Born
October 1798 - Israel Ludlow Surveys True Meridian That Became Indiana/Ohio State Line
October 28, 1798 - Levi Coffin Born
October 29, 1798 - St. Claire Orders First Elections Held for Assembly
November 22, 1798 - Silver Creek Church Established - Clarksville
December 17, 1798 - First Election Northwest Territory
1799 - Ephraim Kibbey Begins Cutting Kibbey's Trace
January 22, 1799 - First Northwest Territory Legislature Meets
June 26, 1799 - William Henry Harrison Appointed Secretary of Northwest Territory
February 4, 1799 - First Northwest Territory Chooses Council Members
March 02, 1799 - President John Adams Picks 5 Council Member
March 03, 1799 - United States Senate Confirms the List of Northwest Territory Council 
April 24, 1799 - David Wallace Born - Sixth Indiana Governor
June 12, 1799 - James Washington Cockrum Born - Became Instrumental Figure Underground Railroad
September 16, 1799 - First Legislative Assembly of Northwest Territory
September 24, 1799 - Assembly Meets and Organizes
October 03, 1799 - Northwest Territory Legislature Elects Harrison as First Delegate to Congress
November 28, 1799 - John Rice Jones Appointed to Carry Mail 
1799-October -December 12 - First Legislative Session
December 14, 1799 - Men Required to Work Two Days Each Year on Roads
December 19, 1799 - Northwest Assembly Adjourns
December 24, 1799 - Harrison Proposes Changes to Land Laws
February 28, 1800 - Second Census Authorized
March 22, 1800 - Buffalo (Vincennes) Trace Designated a Post Road
Marcy 03, 1800 - Congressional Report Recommends Splitting Northwest Territory
May 07, 1800 - Bill to Divide Northwest Territory - Creates Indiana Territory
Acknowledgements
About the Author
Mossy Feet Books Catalogue
Sample Chapter
Short History of Roads and Highways - Indiana Edition
Indian Trails, Pioneer Traces and Indiana Highways
Indiana History Series




Sample Chapter - A Timeline of Indiana History - 1795 - 1800 - Treaty of Greenville - Treaty of Muskingum River Debated

Sample Chapter
A Timeline of Indiana History - 1795 - 1800
July 18, 1795 - Treaty of Greenville - Treaty of Muskingum River (Fort Harmar) Debated 
The council this day opened with an address from Little Turtle, who stated that the Shawnee had had nothing to do with the Treaty of Muskingum River. He charged that the Six Nations tribes had been behind the signing of that treaty and that he had not been there. He further stated that the Six Nations representatives had seduced the younger chiefs of their tribes to sign the treaty. He professed ignorance of the treaty and wanted to know what it said before agreeing to it.
At this, General Wayne professed that he would endeavor to explain to them the Treaty of Muskingum River the next day when they met.
Blue Jacket and Chippewa Chief Massas Arrive
Blue Jacket and Chippewa Chief Massas arrived at Fort Greenville in the evening and were received in the council house. Chief Massas indicated that he had been at the negotiations during the Treaty of Muskingum and had a copy of that treaty with him; indeed it had been his reason for coming to the council. The General welcomed Massa to the council and promised him that upon the conclusion of the council, he would provide provisions for him and his people.

Tuesday, September 3, 2019

Short History of Railroads

Description:
The Short History of Railroads takes readers on a journey along the trail of the evolution of the railroad. Discover the role trains had in the transportation revolution that changed the world.
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Other Books in the Series
A History of the Transportation Revolution
History of the Telephone 
A History of Time
Short History of Libraries, Printing and Language
Short History of Fire Fighting
Short History of Gardening and Agriculture
Short History of Railroads
Short History of the Discoverers
Short History of Roads and Highways
Short History of Public Parks
Short History of Political Parties
A Short History of Traditional Crafts
Short History of the Post Office
A Short HIstory of Political Parties


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Sample Chapter - Short History of the Railroad - Delaware and Hudson Canal Company

Sample Chapter 
Short History of the Railroad 
Delaware and Hudson Canal Company
Two states, New York and Pennsylvania passed laws in 1823 and 1826 authorizing the construction of a canal, primarily to transport anthracite coal from the Wurts' mine in Pennsylvania from the Delaware to the Hudson River. Canal officials broke ground on July 13, 1825. The Delaware and Hudson Canal Company opened for business in October 1828. The Pennsylvania assembly authorized the construction of a gravity railroad, owned by the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company to transport the coal from the mine to the canal.
Delaware and Hudson Gravity Railroad
The Pennsylvania assembly authorized the construction of the April 8, 1826 on April 8, 1826. The railroad company tried the first steam locomotive to run in the United States, the Sourbridge Lion, on August 8, 1829. The name derived from the lion's face that adorned the front of the locomotive. The Foster, Rastrick and Company of Sourbridge, England manufactured the locomotive earlier in the year. The company had transported the locomotive in parts from Liverpool to New York on the ship John Jay. It arrived sometime in June or July and was taken to West Point Foundry in New York where workers assembled it. They tested it at the foundry, igniting the curiosity of nearby people. After transporting the locomotive to Honesdale, Pennsylvania, company officials prepared it for its first demonstration run. The company had specified that the locomotive weigh no more than four tons, as they had constructed wooden tracks with iron strips fastened to them. The locomotive actually weighed in at over seven tons. The engine operated admirably doing its three mile test run on August 8 1829. However, it was far too heavy for the rails and was never used. Workers used the locomotive for parts. The Smithsonian Institute acquired the boiler and a few other parts, which was all that was left, and has it on display in Washington DC.

Monday, September 2, 2019

Indiana's Historic Markers

Indiana's Historic Markers 


Description:
Publication Date To Be Announced

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